Nelson Mandela

It is better to lead from behind and to put others in front, especially when you celebrate victory when nice things occur. You take the front line when there is danger. Then people will appreciate your leadership.

Nelson Mandela

Albert Einstein quote:

Try not to become a man of success, but rather try to become a man of value.

Albert Einstein

HISTORY OF GOOGLE

Beginning[edit]

Google began in March 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Ph.D. students at Stanford University^[2]

In search of a dissertation theme, Page had been considering—among other things—exploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web, understanding its link structure as a huge graph.^[3] His supervisor, Terry Winograd, encouraged him to pick this idea (which Page later recalled as "the best advice I ever got"^[4]) and Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, based on the consideration that the number and nature of such backlinks was valuable information for an analysis of that page (with the role of citations in academic publishing in mind).^[3]

In his research project, nicknamed "BackRub", Page was soon joined by Brin, who was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship.^[5] Brin was already a close friend, whom Page had first met in the summer of 1995—Page was part of a group of potential new students that Brin had volunteered to show around the campus.^[3] Both Brin and Page were working on theStanford Digital Library Project (SDLP). The SDLP's goal was “to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library" and it was funded through the National Science Foundation, among other federal agencies.^[5][6][7][8]

Page's web crawler began exploring the web in March 1996, with Page's own Stanford home page serving as the only starting point.^[3] To convert the backlink data that it gathered for a given web page into a measure of importance, Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm.^[3] While analyzing BackRub's output—which, for a given URL, consisted of a list of backlinks ranked by importance—the pair realized that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results than existing techniques (existing search engines at the time essentially ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page).^[3][9]

A small search engine called "RankDex" from IDD Information Services (a subsidiary of Dow Jones) designed by Robin Li was, since 1996, already exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking.^[10] The technology in RankDex would be patented^[11] and used later when Li founded Baidu in China.^[12][13]

Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. By early 1997, the BackRub page described the state as follows:^[14]

Some Rough Statistics (from August 29th, 1996)

Total indexable HTML urls: 75.2306 Million

Total content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes

...

BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on an Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks.

-Larry Page pagecs.stanford.edu

Late 1990s[edit]

Originally the search engine used the Stanford website with the domain google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on September 15, 1997. They formally incorporated their company, Google, on September 4, 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California.

The first patent filed under the name "Google Inc." was filed on August 31, 1999. This patent, filed by Siu-Leong Iu, Malcom Davis, Hui Luo, Yun-Ting Lin, Guillaume Mercier, and Kobad Bugwadia, is titled "Watermarking system and methodology for digital multimedia content" and is the earliest patent filing under the assignee name "Google Inc."^[15][16]

Both Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an "advertising funded search engines" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the topic while still students. They changed their minds early on and allowed simple text ads.^[17]

Google Home Page September 1998

By the end of 1998, Google had an index of about 60 million pages.^[18] The home page was still marked "BETA", but an article inSalon.com already argued that Google's search results were better than those of competitors like Hotbot or Excite.com, and praised it for being more technologically innovative than the overloaded portal sites (like Yahoo!, Excite.com, Lycos, Netscape's Netcenter,AOL.com, Go.com and MSN.com) which at that time, during the growing dot-com bubble, were seen as "the future of the Web", especially by stock market investors.^[18]

In March 1999, the company moved into offices at 165 University Avenue in Palo Alto, home to several other noted Silicon Valleytechnology startups.^[19] After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003.^[20] The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the Googleplex (a play on the wordgoogolplex, a number that is equal to 1 followed by a googol of zeros). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for US$319 million.^[21]

2000s[edit]

The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design.^[22] In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords.^[2] The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.^[2] Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and click-throughs, with bidding starting at $.05 per click.^[2] This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by Goto.com (later renamed Overture Services, before being acquired by Yahoo! and rebranded as Yahoo! Search Marketing).^[23][24][25] While many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.^[2]

Google's declared code of conduct is "Don't be evil", a phrase which they went so far as to include in their prospectus (aka "S-1") for their 2004 IPO, noting that "We believe strongly that in the long term, we will be better served—as shareholders and in all other ways—by a company that does good things for the world even if we forgo some short term gains."^[26]

Financing and initial public offering[edit]

The first funding for Google as a company was secured in August 1998 in the form of a US$100,000 contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given to a corporation which did not yet exist.^[27]

On June 7, 1999, a round of equity funding totalling $25 million was announced;^[28] the major investors being rival venture capital firmsKleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.^[27]

While Google still needed more funding for their further expansion, Brin and Page were hesitant to take the company public, despite their financial issues. They were not ready to give up control over Google. After borrowing the $25 million venture capital money from Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital, Sequoia forced Brin and Page to hire a CEO or else they would take back that borrowed $12.5 million. Finally, Brin and Page gave in and hired Eric Schmidt as Google’s first CEO in March 2001 and the company went public three years later.^[29]

In October 2003, while discussing a possible initial public offering of shares (IPO), Microsoft approached the company about a possible partnership or merger.^[30] The deal never materialized. In January 2004, Google announced the hiring of Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs Group to arrange an IPO. The IPO was projected to raise as much as $4 billion.

Google's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004.^[31] A total of 19,605,052 shares were offered at a price of $85 per share.^[32] Of that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as √2 ≈ 1.4142135) were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by selling stockholders. The sale raised US$1.67 billion, and gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.^[33] Many of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owns 2.7 million shares of Google.^[34]

The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GOOG.

After reporting earnings on the 17th of October 2013, the stock price of GOOG closed above $1,000.00 for the first time in its history of trading on the NASDAQ.^[35]

Techastra 14, Dr MGR University, Chennai, Technical Symposium, Tamil Nadu, February 13-15 2014 : Chennai

For more Details


http://techastra.org/event.html

JIT SYSMPOSIUM On FEB 28

For your important notification last date for paper submission for paper presentaion is 11feb

for more details visit jit symposium

Memory and storage

Human Brain

Some abbreviations

VIRUS - Vital Information Resource UnderSeized.
* 3G -3rd Generation.
* GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication.
* CDMA - Code Divison Multiple Access.
* UMTS - Universal MobileTelecommunication
System.
* SIM - Subscriber Identity Module .
* AVI = Audio Video Interleave
* RTS = Real Time Streaming
* SIS = Symbian OS Installer File
* AMR = Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec
* JAD = Java Application Descriptor
* JAR = Java Archive
* JAD = Java Application Descriptor
* 3GPP = 3rd Generation Partnership Project
* 3GP = 3rd Generation Project
* MP3 = MPEG player lll
* MP4 = MPEG-4 video file
*AAC = Advanced Audio Coding
* GIF= Graphic Interchangeable Format
* JPEG = Joint Photographic Expert Group
* BMP = Bitmap
* SWF = Shock Wave Flash
* WMV = Windows Media Video
* WMA = Windows Media Audio
* WAV = Waveform Audio
* PNG = Portable Network Graphics
* DOC = Document (MicrosoftCorporation)
* PDF = Portable Document Format
* M3G = Mobile 3D Graphics
* M4A = MPEG-4 Audio File
* NTH = Nokia Theme (series 40)
* THM = Themes (Sony Ericsson)
* MMF = Synthetic Music Mobile Application File
* NRT = Nokia Ringtone
* XMF = Extensible Music File
* WBMP = Wireless Bitmap Image
* DVX = DivX Video
* HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language
* WML = Wireless Markup Language
* CD -Compact Disk.
* DVD - Digital Versatile Disk.
*CRT - Cathode Ray Tube.
* DAT - Digital Audio Tape.
* DOS - Disk Operating System.
* GUI -Graphical User Interface.
* HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
* IP - Internet Protocol.
* ISP - Internet Service Provider.
* TCP - Transmission Control Protocol.
* UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply.
* HSDPA - High Speed Downlink PacketAccess.
* EDGE - Enhanced Data Rate for GSM
[GlobalSystem for Mobile Communication]
Evolution.
* VHF - Very High Frequency.
* UHF - Ultra High Frequency.
* GPRS - General PacketRadio Service.
* WAP - Wireless ApplicationProtocol.
* TCP - Transmission ControlProtocol .
* ARPANET - Advanced ResearchProject Agency
Network.
* IBM - International Business Machines.
* HP - Hewlett Packard.
*AM/FM - Amplitude/ Frequency Modulation.
* WLAN - Wireless Local Area network

Invention

*Founder of Apple Computers – Steve Jobs
*Founder of Artificial Intelligence – John McCarthy
*Founder of Bluetooth – Ericsson
*Father of Computer – Charles Babbage
*Father of ‘C’ Language – Dennis Ritchie
*Founder of Email – Shiva Ayyadurai
*Founder of Google – Larry Page and Sergey Brin
*Founder of Internet – Vint Cerf
*Father of ‘Java’- James Gosling
*Father of JQuery – John Resig
*Founder of Keyboard – Christoper Latham Sholes
*Founder of Linux – Linus Torvalds
*Founder of Microsoft – Bill Gates and Paul Allen
*Founder of Mobile Phones – Martin Cooper
*Founder of Mouse – Douglas Engelbart
*Founders of Oracle – Ed Oates, Larry Ellison, Bob Miner
*Founder of Php – Rasmus Lerdorf
*Founder of USB – Ajay V.Bhatt
*Founder of WWW – Tim Berners-Lee
*Founder of Yahoo – Jurry Yang and David Filo

Stephen Hawking (our group name

 


Stephen Hawking is the former Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and author of A Brief History of Time which was an international bestseller. Now Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at Cambridge, his other books for the general reader include A Briefer History of Time, the essay collection Black Holes and Baby Universe and The Universe in a Nutshell.

In 1963, Hawking contracted motor neurone disease and was given two years to live. Yet he went on to Cambridge to become a brilliant researcher and Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. From 1979 to 2009 he held the post of Lucasian Professor at Cambridge, the chair held by Isaac Newton in 1663. Professor Hawking has over a dozen honorary degrees and was awarded the CBE in 1982. He is a fellow of the Royal Society and a Member of the US National Academy of Science. Stephen Hawking is regarded as one of the most brilliant theoretical physicists since Einstein.

why its named as pentium processor

which antenna is used in mobile phones & TVs &Mobile tower

What is the difference between 32-bit and 64-bit?

What is the difference between 32-bit and 64-bit?

Answer: In computing, 32-bit and 64-bit are two different types of processors. The bit number (usually 8, 16, 32, or 64) refers to how much memory a processor can access from theCPU register.

Most computers made in the 1990s and early 200s were 32-bit machines. A 32-bit system can access 2³² (4,294,967,296) memory addresses. Practically speaking, a 32-bit computer is limited to accessing 4,294,967,296 bytes (4 GB) of RAM. Since most computers released over the past two decades were built on a 32-bit architecture, most operating systems were designed to run on a 32-bit processor.

▶ Around 2008, 64-bit processors became mainstream and personal computersstarting including 64-bit CPUs. Therefore, popular operating systems, such as Windowsand Mac OS X began shipping in both 32-bit and 64-bit editions, which allowed them to run on either 32 or 64-bit hardware.

While a 32-bit processor can access 2³² memory addresses, a 64-bit processor can access 2⁶⁴memory addresses. This is not twice as much as a 32-bit processor, but rather 2³²(4,294,967,296) times more. This means a 64-bit machine could theoretically access 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 memory addresses or more than 18 billion GB of RAM. However, as of 2013, there are few computers that can physically support more than 64 GB of RAM.

While many 32-bit programs can run on a 64-bit operating system (OS), 64-bit programs are not compatible with 32-bit operating systems. Additionally, many 32-bit drivers and systemutilities are incompatible with 64-bit systems. Therefore, when purchasing or downloading new software, it is important to know if a 32-bit or 64-bit OS is installed on your computer.

Definition: In the personal computing world, 32-bit and 64-bit refer to the type of central processing unit, operating system, driver, software program, etc. that utilizes that particular architecture.

32-bit hardware and software is often referred to as x86 or x86-32. 64-bit hardware and software is often referred to as x64 or x86-64.

32-bit systems utilize data in 32-bit pieces while 64-bit systems utilize data in 64-bit pieces. In general, the more data that can be processed at once, the faster the system can operate. There are several other advantages to a 64-bit system as well, most practically the ability to use significantly greater amounts of physical memory.

Most new processors today are based on the 64-bit architecture and support 64-bit operating systems. These processors are also fully compatible with 32-bit operating systems.